HyperText Markup Language (HTML): HTML is the standard markup language for creating web pages and web applications.
With Cascading Style Sheets (CSS), and JavaScript, it shapes a group of three of foundation innovations for the World Wide Web. Web programs get HTML archives from a webserver or from neighborhood stockpiling and render them into interactive media site pages. HTML portrays the structure of a website page semantically and initially included prompts for the presence of the report.
HTML components are the building pieces of HTML pages. With HTML develops, pictures and different articles, for example, intuitive structures, might be installed into the rendered page. It gives a way to make organized reports by meaning basic semantics for content, for example, headings, passages, records, connections, cites and different things. HTML components are portrayed by labels, composed utilizing edge sections. Labels, for example, <img/> and <input/> bring content into the page specifically. Others, for example, <p>...</p> encompass and give data about report message and may incorporate different labels as sub-components. Programs don't show the HTML labels, yet utilize them to decipher the substance of the page. [HTML]
Markup:
HTML markup consists of several key components, including those called tags [and their attributes], character-based data types, character references and entity references. HTML tags most commonly come in pairs like <a1> and </a1>, although some represent empty elements and so are unpaired, for example <img>. The first tag in such a pair is the start tag, and the second is the end tag [they are also called opening tags and closing tags)].
Another vital segment is the HTML report sort assertion, which triggers principles mode rendering.
The following is an example of the classic Hello world program. A common test employed for comparing programming languages, scripting languages and markup languages. This example is made using 9 lines of code:
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>This is a title</title>
</head>
<body>
<p>Hello world!</p>
</body>
</html>
[The text between <html> and </html> describes the web page, and the text between <body> and </body> is the visible page content. The markup text "<title>This is a title</title>" defines the browser page title.]
The Document Type Declaration <!DOCTYPE html> is for HTML5. On the off chance that an announcement is excluded, various browsers will revert to "quirks mode" for rendering.
HTML element:
The begin tag may also include attributes within the tag. These demonstrate other information, such as identifiers for sections within the document, identifiers used to bind style information to the presentation of the document, and for some tags such as the <img> used to embed images, the reference to the image resource.
A few elements, such as the line break <br>, do not permit any embedded content, either text or further tags. These require only a single empty tag [likened to a begin tag] and do not use an end tag.
Many tags, especially the closing end tag for the very commonly used paragraph element <p>, are optional. A HTML program or other agent can infer the closure for the end of an element from the context and the structural rules defined by the HTML standard. These rules are complex and not generally understood by most HTML coders.
The general form of an HTML element is therefore: <tag attribute1="value1" attribute2="value2">''content''</tag>. Some HTML elements are defined as empty elements and take the form <tag attribute1="value1" attribute2="value2">. Empty elements may enclose no content, for instance, the <br> tag or the inline <img> tag. The name of an HTML element is the name used in the tags. Note that the end tag's name is preceded by a slash character, "/", and that in empty elements the end tag is neither required nor allowed. If attributes are not mentioned then default values are used in each case.
Element examples:
Header of the HTML document: <head>...</head>. The title is included in the head, for example:
<head>
<title>The Title</title>
</head>
Headings: HTML headings are defined with the <h1> to <h6> tags:
<h1>Heading level 1</h1>
<h2>Heading level 2</h2>
<h3>Heading level 3</h3>
<h4>Heading level 4</h4>
<h5>Heading level 5</h5>
<h6>Heading level 6</h6>
Paragraphs:
<p>Paragraph 1</p> <p>Paragraph 2</p>
Line breaks:<br>. The distinction amongst<br> and <p> is that "br" breaks a line without altering the semantic structure of the page, whereas "p" sections the page into paragraphs. Note also that "br" is an empty element in that, although it might have attributes, it can take no content and it may not have an end tag.
<p>This <br> is a paragraph <br> with <br> line breaks</p>
This is a link in HTML. To create a link the <a> tag is used. The href= attribute holds the URL address of the link.
<a href="http//: sciencetechnology25.blogspot.com/">A link to science and technology!</a>
Comments:
<!-- This is a comment -->
Comments can help in the understanding of the markup and don't display in the webpage.
There are a few sortsof markup elements used in HTML:
Structural markup indicates the reason of text
For instance, <h2>Golf</h2> establishes "Golf" as a second-level heading. Structural markup does not denote any specific rendering, but most web browsers have default styles for element formatting. Content may be further styled by using Cascading Style Sheets (CSS).
Presentational markup indicates the appearance of the text, regardless of its purpose
For instance, <b>boldface</b> indicates that visual output devices should render "boldface" in bold text, but gives little indication what devices that are unable to do this [such as aural devices that read the text aloud] should do. In the case of both <b>bold</b> and <i>italic</i>, there are other elements that may have equivalent visual renderings but that are more semantic in nature, such as <strong>strong text</strong> and <em>emphasised text</em> respectivelyIt is less demanding to perceive how an aural client operator ought to translate the last two components. However, they are not equivalent to their presentational counterparts. it would be undesirable for a screen-peruser to stress the name of a book, for example, however on a screen such a name would be emphasized. Most presentational markup components have ended up belittled under the HTML 4.0 detail for utilizing CSS for styling.
Hypertext markup makes parts of a document into links to other documents.
An anchor element creates a hyperlink in the document and its href attribute sets the link's target URL. For example, the HTML markup, <a href="http://www.google.com/">youtube</a>, will render the word "youtube" as a hyperlink. To render an image as a hyperlink, an "img" element is inserted as content into the "a" element. Like "br", "img" is an empty element with attributes but no content or closing tag. <a href="http://example.org"><img src="image.gif" alt="descriptive text" width="50" height="50" border="0"></a>. [HTML]
HTML attribute:
Most of the attributes of an element are name-value pairs, separated by "=" and written within the start tag of an element after the element's name. The value may be enclosed in single or double quotes, although values consisting of certain characters can be left unquoted in HTML [but not XHTML].Leaving attribute values unquoted is considered unsafe. In contrast with name-value pair attributes, there are some attributes that affect the element simply by their presence in the start tag of the element, like the ismap attribute for the img element.
There are several common attributes that may appear in many elements :
The id attribute provides a document-wide unique identifier for an element. This is used to identify the element so that stylesheets can alter its presentational properties, and scripts may alter, animate or delete its contents or presentation. Appended to the URL of the page, it provides a globally unique identifier for the element, typically a sub-section of the page. …………………………..
The class characteristic gives a method for ordering comparable components. This can be utilized for semantic or introduction purposes. For instance, a HTML record may semantically utilize the assignment class="notation" to demonstrate that all components with this class value are subordinate to the main text of the document. In presentation, such elements might be assembled and presented as footnotes on a page instead of appearing in the place where they occur in the HTML source.Class traits are utilized semantically in microformats. Multiple class values may be specified,for example class="notation important" puts the element into both the "notation" and the "important" classes.
An creator may use the style attribute to assign presentational properties to a particular element. It is viewed as better practice to utilize a component's id or class attributes to select the element from within a stylesheet, though sometimes this can be too cumbersome for a simple, specific, or ad hoc styling.
The title attribute is used to attach subtextual explanation to an element, In most browsers this attribute is displayed as a tooltip.
The lang quality identifies the natural language of the element's contents, which may be different from that of the rest of the document. For instance, in an English-language document:
<p>Oh well, <span lang="fr">c'est la vie</span>, as they say in France.</p>
The abbreviation element, abbr, can be used to demonstrate some of these attributes :
<abbr id="anId" class="jargon" style="color:purple;" title="Hypertext Markup Language">HTML</abbr>
This example displays as HTML; in most browsers, pointing the cursor at the abbreviation should display the title text "Hypertext Markup Language."
Most elements take the language-related attribute dir to specify text direction, such as with "rtl" for right-to-left text in, for example, Arabic, Persian or Hebrew.[HTML]
Semantic HTML:
Semantic HTML is a way of writing HTML that emphasizes the meaning of the encoded information over its presentation [look]. HTML has included semantic markup from its inception, but has also included presentational markup, such as <font>, <i> and <center> tags. There are additionally the semantically impartial traverse and div labels. Since the late 1990s when Cascading Style Sheets were starting to work in many programs, web creators have been urged to stay away from the utilization of presentational HTML markup with a view to the partition of introduction and substance
In a 2001 talk of the Semantic Web, Tim Berners-Lee and others gave examples of ways in which intelligent software "agents" may one day automatically crawl the web and find, filter and correlate previously unrelated, published facts for the benefit of human users. Such agents are not commonplace even now, but some of the ideas of Web 2.0, mashups and price comparison websites may be coming close. The main difference between these web application hybrids and Berners-Lee's semantic agents lies in the fact that the current aggregation and hybridization of information is usually designed in by web developers, who already know the web locations and the API semantics of the specific data they wish to mash, compare and combine.
A vital kind of web agent that does crawl and read web pages automatically, without prior knowledge of what it might find, is the web crawler or search-engine spider. These product specialists are dependent on the semantic clarity of web pages they find as they use various techniques and algorithms to read and index millions of web pages a day and provide web users with search facilities without which the World Wide Web's usefulness would be greatly reduced.
In order for search-engine spiders to be able to rate the significance of pieces of text they find in HTML documents, and also for those creating
mashups and other hybrids as well as for more automated agents as they are developed, the semantic structures that exist in HTML need to be widely and uniformly applied to bring out the meaning of published text.
Presentational markup labels are deprecated in current HTML and XHTML recommendations and are illegal in HTML5.
Good semantic HTML also improves the accessibility of web .documents [see also Web Content Accessibility Guidelines]. For example, when a screen reader or audio browser can correctly ascertain the structure of a document, it won’t waste the visually impaired user's time by reading out repeated or irrelevant information when it has been marked up correctly.
Delivery:
HTML archives can be conveyed by an indistinguishable means from some other PC document. In any case, they are regularly conveyed either by HTTP from a web server or by email.
HTTP:Hypertext Transfer Protocol:
The World Wide Web is composed primarily of HTML documents transmitted from web servers to web browsers using the Hypertext Transfer Protocol [HTTP]. In any case, HTTP is used to serve images, sound, and other content, in addition to HTML. To permit the web browser to know how to handle each document it receives, other information is transmitted along with the document. This meta data usually includes the MIME type [e.g. text/html or application/xhtml+xml] and the character encoding [see Character encoding in HTML].
In modern browsers, the MIME type that is sent with the HTML report may affect how the document is initially interpreted. A document sent with the XHTML MIME type is required to be well-formed XML; syntax errors may cause the browser to fail to render it. A similar document sent with the HTML MIME type might be displayed successfully, since some browsers are more lenient with HTML.
The W3C/WWWC recommendations state that XHTML 1.0 documents that follow guidelines set forth in the recommendation's Appendix C may be labeled with either MIME Type. XHTML 1.1 also states that XHTML 1.1 documents should be labeled with either MIME type.
HTML email:
Most graphical email customers permit the utilization of a subset of HTML (frequently badly characterized) to give designing and semantic markup not accessible with plain content. This may incorporate typographic data like hued headings, underlined and cited content, inline pictures and outlines. Numerous such customers incorporate both a GUI proofreader for making HTML email messages and a rendering motor for showing them. Utilization of HTML in email is reprimanded by some in light of similarity issues, since it can help camouflage phishing assaults, on account of availability issues for visually impaired or outwardly disabled individuals, since it can befuddle spam channels and on the grounds that the message size is bigger than plain content.
HTML Application:
A HTML Application (HTA; record augmentation ".hta") is a Microsoft Windows application that utilizations HTML and Dynamic HTML in a program to give the application's graphical interface. A normal HTML record is limited to the security model of the web program's security, conveying just to web servers and controlling just website page protests and webpage treats. A HTA keeps running as a completely trusted application and thusly has more benefits, similar to creation/altering/expulsion of records and Windows Registry passages. Since they work outside the program's security display, HTAs can't be executed by means of HTTP, however should be downloaded (quite recently like an EXE document) and executed from nearby record framework. [HTML]
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HTML Details (Part 1)
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